Introduction
For much of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, American securities regulation has developed through conflict, compromise, and historical accident. Long before Congress enacted the federal securities laws of the New Deal era, states had already ventured into the field of securities regulation by adopting “blue sky” statutes intended to protect residents from fraudulent securities schemes. With the introduction of federal regulation in the 1930s, this dual system became entrenched, producing an interlocking but often discordant web of oversight.
While federal authority expanded over time—particularly through the adoption of, and ame...


